About the Author

Martin Kleppmann is a researcher in distributed systems at the University of Cambridge, UK. Previously he was a software engineer and entrepreneur at internet companies including LinkedIn and Rapportive, where he worked on large-scale data infrastructure. In the process he learned a few things the hard way, and he hopes this book will save you from repeating the same mistakes.

马丁·克莱普曼是英国剑桥大学分布式系统研究员。此前，他曾在领英和Rapportive等互联网公司担任软件工程师和企业家，专注于大规模数据基础设施的开发。在这个过程中，他通过艰辛的经验学到了一些经验和教训。他希望这本书能够帮助大家避免重蹈覆辙。

Martin is a regular conference speaker, blogger, and open source contributor. He believes that profound technical ideas should be accessible to everyone, and that deeper understanding will help us develop better software.

马丁是一位常规的会议演讲者、博客作者和开源贡献者。他认为深刻的技术思想应该对所有人都是可接触的，更深入的理解将帮助我们开发更好的软件。

Colophon

The animal on the cover of Designing Data-Intensive Applications is an Indian wild boar ( Sus scrofa cristatus ), a subspecies of wild boar found in India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. They are distinctive from European boars in that they have higher back bristles, no woolly undercoat, and a larger, straighter skull.

《设计数据密集型应用》封面上的动物是印度野猪（Sus scrofa cristatus），一种分布在印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和泰国的野猪亚种。它们与欧洲野猪不同之处在于它们的背部刷子更高，没有绒毛底毛，而且头骨更大、更直。

The Indian wild boar has a coat of gray or black hair, with stiff bristles running along the spine. Males have protruding canine teeth (called tushes) that are used to fight with rivals or fend off predators. Males are larger than females, but the species averages 33–35 inches tall at the shoulder and 200–300 pounds in weight. Their natural predators include bears, tigers, and various big cats.

印度野猪有一层灰色或黑色的毛皮，脊梁上有硬刺毛。雄性猪有突出的犬牙（称为獠牙），用于与比他强壮的敌人战斗或抵挡捕食者。雄猪比雌猪大，但这种物种平均肩高33-35英寸，体重200-300磅。它们的自然捕食者包括熊、老虎和各种大型猫科动物。

These animals are nocturnal and omnivorous—they eat a wide variety of things, including roots, insects, carrion, nuts, berries, and small animals. Wild boars are also known to root through garbage and crop fields, causing a great deal of destruction and earning the enmity of farmers. They need to eat 4,000–4,500 calories a day. Boars have a well-developed sense of smell, which helps them forage for underground plant material and burrowing animals. However, their eyesight is poor.

这些动物是夜行性和杂食性——它们会吃各种各样的东西，包括根、昆虫、腐肉、坚果、浆果和小动物。野猪也被称为在垃圾和农田中翻阅，导致大量的破坏并赢得农民的敌意。它们需要每天摄入4,000-4,500卡路里。野猪具有发达的嗅觉，有助于它们寻找地下植物材料和鑽洞动物。然而，它们的视力很差。

Wild boars have long held significance in human culture. In Hindu lore, the boar is an avatar of the god Vishnu. In ancient Greek funerary monuments, it was a symbol of a gallant loser (in contrast to the victorious lion). Due to its aggression, it was depicted on the armor and weapons of Scandinavian, Germanic, and Anglo-Saxon warriors. In the Chinese zodiac, it symbolizes determination and impetuosity.

野猪在人类文化中长期具有重要意义。在印度教传说中，野猪是神祇毗湿奴的化身。在古希腊葬礼纪念碑上，野猪是有勇气的失败者的象征（与胜利的狮子形成对比）。由于其攻击性，它被描绘在斯堪的纳维亚、日耳曼和盎格鲁-撒克逊战士的盔甲和武器上。在中国的生肖中，它象征着决心和鲁莽。

Many of the animals on O’Reilly covers are endangered; all of them are important to the world. To learn more about how you can help, go to animals.oreilly.com .

许多在奥莱利封面上的动物都处于濒危状态；它们都对世界至关重要。了解更多如何帮助，请访问animals.oreilly.com。

The cover image is from Shaw’s Zoology . The cover fonts are URW Typewriter and Guardian Sans. The text font is Adobe Minion Pro; the font in diagrams is Adobe Myriad Pro; the heading font is Adobe Myriad Condensed; and the code font is Dalton Maag’s Ubuntu Mono.

封面图片取自肖氏动物学。封面字体为URW打字机和卫报无细明体。正文字体为Adobe Minion Pro；图表中的字体为Adobe Myriad Pro；标题字体为Adobe Myriad Condensed；代码字体为Dalton Maag的Ubuntu Mono。